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The French government called for nation-wide support for the war effort by selling war bonds and securities. The government also took out five loans between 1915 and 1920 to pay for arming the troops and for rebuilding devastated areas of the country. Because Paris also faced significant new expenditures, the City Council launched its own charity drives. With the help of famous illustrators, public and private institutions mounted large-scale communications campaigns, and their posters covered the city’s walls, while even religious authorities promoted these forms of economic patriotism.